Assignment: Nursing Theory

Assignment: Nursing Theory

A nursing theory is a body of knowledge providing the foundation that supports excellence in nursing practice and research. In essence, a nursing theory provides the theoretical foundation for nurses to think about their nursing practice; what they do and why they do it.

You will find that many nursing theories have been developed in the past.  Even today, nurse scholars continue to propose new theories and/ or models.

The purpose of this assignment is to develop a professional PowerPoint presentation in response to the following: Assignment: Nursing Theory

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Assignment Criteria:

• Review “Exhibit 2-2: Overview of Major Nursing Theories and Models” on pp. 56 – 59 in Finkelman (4th)
• Select the theory or model that most closely represents your view of nursing.
• Prepare a PowerPoint presentation that includes the following:
  • A brief overview of the theory or model;
  • Why you believe the theory or model most closely represents your view of nursing.
  • The relationship among the concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing as explained by the theory; and
  • How the theory may be applied to planning professional nursing care for individuals and groups of clients. Give two examples for each.
• The PowerPoint presentation should not be more than seven (7) slides excluding the required title slide and reference slide.
• The PowerPoint must include detailed notes in the “Notes Page” section of the PowerPoint. When in PowerPoint, go to View and click on Notes Page.
• Provide at least four (4) professional references. At least two of the references must be professional peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles.  The other references can be from textbooks and/or reliable websites.
• Usually for all assignments, references used must be no greater than five (5) years old. However, references found on nursing theories or models are considered “classic sources” and may be used despite their age.
• APA (7th) format must be followed for all citations and references. Attention to grammar and spelling Assignment: Nursing Theory.

I started the template for the PowerPoint and added the book reference.

INTRODUCTION

• A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice.
• Theory refers to “a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation”
• A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing.
• Kerlinger – theories as a set of interrelated concepts that give a systematic view of a phenomenon (an observable fact or event) that is explanatory and predictive in nature.
• Theories are composed of concepts, definitions, models , propositions and are based on assumptions.
• They are derived through two principal methods:
  1. Deductive reasoning
  2. Inductive reasoning.
• Nursing theorists use both of these methods.
• Nursing theories are “attempts to describe or explain the phenomenon (process, occurrence and event) called nursing” – Barnum(1998)
• Theories are for professional nursing.
• Theory is “a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena”
• A theory makes it possible to “organize the relationship among the concepts to describe, explain, predict, and control practice Assignment: Nursing Theory”

DEFINITIONS

• CONCEPTS

  • Concepts are basically vehicles of thought that involve images.
  • Concepts are words that describe objects , properties, or events and are basic components of theory.
  • Types of Concepts:
    • Empirical concepts
    • Inferential concepts
    • Abstract concepts.

IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES

CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORIES

Theories:

Nursing theories are often based on and influenced by broadly applicable processes and theories. Following theories are basic to many nursing concepts.

A. GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY:

• It describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in ” systems”.
• These concepts may be applied to different kinds of systems, e.g.. Molecules in chemistry , cultures in sociology, organs in Anatomy and health in Nursing.

B. ADAPTATION THEORY

• It defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions.
• Adaptation is a continuously occurring process that effects change and involves interaction and response.
• Human adaptation occurs on three levels:
  • — the internal ( self )
  • — the social (others)
  • — and the physical ( biochemical reactions )

C. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

• It outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.
• The progress and behaviors of an individual within each stage are unique.
• The growth and development of an individual are influenced by heredity , temperament, emotional, and physical environment, life experiences and health status Assignment: Nursing Theory.

COMMON CONCEPTS IN NURSING THEORIES

• Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are
  • The person( patient)
  • The environment
  • Health
  • Nursing (goals, roles, functions)
• Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist. Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person. The focus of nursing is the person.

HISTORY

• Nightingale (1860): To facilitate “the body’s reparative processes” by manipulating client’s environment
• Paplau 1952: Nursing is; therapeutic interpersonal process.
• Henderson 1955: The needs often called Henderson’s 14 basic needs
• Abdellah 1960: This theory focus on delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs of the client and family.
• Orlando 1962: To Ida Orlando (1960), the client is an individual; with a need; that, when met, diminishes distress, increases adequacy, or enhances well-being.
• Johnson’s Theory 1968: Dorothy Johnson’s theory of nursing 1968 focuses on how the client adapts to illness and how actual or potential stress can affect the ability to adapt. The goal of nursing to reduce stress so that; the client can move more easily through recovery.
• Rogers 1970: to maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled client through “humanistic science of nursing” Assignment: Nursing Theory
• Orem1971: This is self-care deficit theory. Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
• King 1971: To use communication to help client reestablish positive adaptation to environment.
• Neuman 1972: Stress reduction is goal of system model of nursing practice.
• Roy 1979: This adaptation model is based on the physiological, psychological, sociological and dependence-independence adaptive modes.
• Watson’s Theory 1979: Watson’s philosophy of caring 1979 attempts to define the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the; humanistic aspects of life.

CLASSIFICATION OF NURSING THEORIES

DEPENDING ON THE GENERALISABILITY OF THEIR PRINCIPLES

Also check: Family nursing and family health promotion